Below is a very brief summary of the dement and kleitman study. Dement wc, kleitman n 1957 cyclic variations in eeg during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility, and dreaming. Department of physiology, university of chicago reeeiwd for publication. Area of study perception and consciousness perception the integration of pure sensation with unconscious inference consciousness integrating intuition, sensation. Dement and kleitman eye movements in sleep psych tutor. Pdf the relation of eye movements during sleep to dream. Patterns of sleep talking jama psychiatry jama network. Aserinsky and kleitman observed periods of rem and dreaming to find that when normal and schizophrenic patients are woken up in rem sleep, they are able to recall coherent dreams as compared to nrem. Cyclic variations in eeg during sleep and their relation to.
Soon after the work of aserinsky and kleitman, michel jouvet observed that. In their earliest report, aserinsky and kleitman1 found that 74% of awakenings from rem sleep resulted in recall of a dream, as compared with only 9% of awaken. William dement, director of the sleep disorders clinic at stanford university and one of kleitmans former students. This great picture is of nathaniel kleitman serving as a subject in one of his own sleep experiments. Nathaniel kleitman was born in kishinev, russia on april 26, 1895 to jewish parents, nathaniel and pesia kleitman.
The identification of a 90100 min rhythmicity in sleep parameters rapid eye movements, body motility and eeg aserinsky and kleitman, 1953. Another major impetus to our present understanding of sleep research came from nathaniel kleitman and two of his graduate students, eugene aserinsky and william dement, who discovered that sleep was not a single process but that there were two distinctly different kinds of sleep. In 1958, dement published a paper on the existence of a cyclic organization of sleep in cats. Before aserinsky and kleitman 1, there had been a number of studies of the occurrence of dream reports. The worlds first scholar to concentrate entirely on sleep, kleitman is universally recognized as the father of sleep research. You can also find all of the past exam questions on dement and kleitmans study here. Some interesting human information about aserinskys discovery is that the child he used as his first subject was his own son, 8 year old armond. The study, to sleep, no doubt to dream was a sleep study done by a graduate student named, eugene aserinsky in 1952. While aserinsky finished his medical program and left the labs, william c. Contents preface xi chapter i biology and human behavior 1 reading 1. The fact that dreams occur so regularly, along with other new findings, has led some dream researchers to. Sleep and dreaming semel institute for neuroscience and. Table 5 from the relation of eye movements during sleep to.
The student, the professor and the birth of modern sleep. In 1953, kleitman and aserinsky showed in human infants that periods of active sleep. This study was done to determine the average amount of dreaming done by each participant. In 1957, dement and kleitman defined the existence of three totally distinct states of consciousness. Cyclic variations in eeg during sleep and their relation. June 3, 1957, introduction the eeg patterns accompanying dream ing have never been adequately characterized. Cyclic variations in eeg during sleep and their relation to eye. Eugene aserinsky may 6, 1921 july 22, 1998, a pioneer in sleep research, was a graduate student at the university of chicago in 1953 when he discovered rem sleep. The problems of identifying implication dement, 1972 that the rem dis. He is the director and founder of the stanford university sleep disorders clinic and research. Additionally the researchers concluded that direction of the eye movement also correlated with dreams, for example. A better way to document eye movements near the participants eye they based the electrodes that you pick up the small electrical signals.
Dement and kleitman, 1957 which persist when sleep is consumed during the light span, suggested to kleitman 1963 that this cycle could be a fraction of a more generalized oscillatory phenomenon, acting both during sleep and. In recent years, the work of aserinsky, dement, kleitman, and others15 has stimulated research on the relationship of electroencephalographic eeg and eyemovement patterns to dreaming. Such a relationship was reported by aserinsky and kleitman 1 who observed. A brief history of sleep research stanford university.
Another of kleitman s graduate students, william c. Aserinsky e, kleitman n 1953 regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena, during sleep. Unless you have some sort of hobby that involves watching people sleep for long periods of time, you probably havent noticed this. The stubborn scientist who unraveled a mystery of the.
Kleitman and aserinsky demonstrated that rem sleep was correlated with dreaming and brain activity. Dement and kleitman, 1957 was ultimately named rapid eye movement rem sleep and the remaining periods of sleep were named, in contrast, nonrem sleep gottesmann, 2009. Dement and kleitman, two very wellknown researchers on sleep, hypothesised a connection between rem sleep and dreaming. Physiology and psychology of dreams semantic scholar. Regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena, during sleep. Dement, now a professor of psychiatry at the stanford medical school, has described this as the year that the study of sleep became a true scientific field.
Pesia kleitman remarried in 1900, and nathaniel spent much of his childhood living with his maternal grandparents. Kleitman, 19s7a, 19s7b has established that nocturnal dreaming occurs primarily during cyclically recurring periods of sleep characterized by a random, lowvoltage eeg eeg stage 1 and by intermittent conjugate rapid eye movements rems which are ap. Dement and kleitman 1957 flashcards in a level and ib. Pesia kleitman remarried in 1900, and nathaniel spent much of.
Mans wondering about his dreams has been singularly intertwined with the history of psychiatry, and understanding. Apr 29, 2012 in conclusion, the method used in dement and kleitmans study lacked validity, however it could be put down too technology of the time, as an eeg machine may have had to be used in a lab setting. Jan 01, 2009 next, in 1957, dement and kleitman published 2 full papers devoted to the dreaming stage of sleep. Slk 120 chapter 5 state of consciousness slk 120 introduction nathaniel kleitman and eugene aserinsky a investigating the slow rolling. He was the son of a dentist of russianjewish descent. As previously mentioned, aserinsky once told me that, in 1953, when he was.
The stubborn scientist who unraveled a mystery of the night. Welcome to the sleep well, the personal site of dr. William dement and nathaniel kleitmans experiment on rapid eye movement and dreaming 1957 introduction have you ever noticed that a sleeping persons eyes sometimes flicker around, up and down, left and right. Next, in 1957, dement and kleitman published 2 full papers devoted to the. Dement 1976 filled his place and soon was able to characterize sleep in stages. Aserinsky and kleitman observed periods of rem and dreaming to find that when normal and schizophrenic patients are woken up in rem sleep, they are able to recall coherent dreams as compared to nrem periods. Kleitmantwo types of ocular motility occurring in sleep. The association between dreaming and rem sleep was subsequently replicated by many other investigators. William dement was a medical student at chicago, and in the fall of 1952 kleitman assigned him to help aserinsky with his overnight sleep studies. He never really got the spotlight because he chose to specialize in an area that was seen as a backwater at the time, but there are now nearly six billion people on earth. Dement and kleitman 1957 the relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity. Beginning around the time of aserinsky s findings, dement was interested in studying the. Because of these discoveries, aserinsky and kleitman are generally considered the founders of modern sleep research.
Using an eeg machine, rem could be measured objectively. Prior to this study psychologists didnt know how to measure dreams, a study by aserinsky and kleitman in 1955 showed that during rem sleep subjects recorded more dream activity than in nrem sleep. In 1951, the journal says, nathaniel kleitman, a professor of physiology at the university of chicago, with the assistance of his graduate student, eugene aserinsky, studied eye movements during. You can also find all of the past exam questions on dement and kleitman s study here. You will need to use the more detailed summary here to revise for the exam. And one of the leading researchers who followed aserinsky in giving us this wealth of information on sleeping and dreaming is william dement. Bar the obvious methodological faults in the study, dement and kleitmans research is still widely accepted today in psychology and results have. If the patient was woken during a rem period, subjects would usually report a dream. This type of research usually involves continuous monitoring of the eegs of sleeping subjects. In 1950, when aserinsky knocked on nathaniel kleitmans office door. Dement described the cyclical nature of nocturnal sleep in 1955, and in 1957 and 58 established the relationship between rem sleep and dreaming. He is the director and founder of the stanford university sleep disorders clinic and research center, the worlds first sleep disorders center.
Next, in 1957, dement and kleitman published 2 full papers devoted to the dreaming stage of sleep. Part of understanding that the rem state is different is that it is a physiologically different state than waking or other kinds of sleep. The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity. The scanning hypothesis of rapid eye movements during.
Eugene aserinsky died on july 22, 1998, when his car hit a tree north of san diego. Dreams, especially during the time that this experiment took place, have fascinated many psychologists and psychiatrists. The scanning hypothesis of rapid eye movements during rem. Are the eye movements random, or do their movements have some relationship to the. Aserinsky and kleitman pioneered procedures that have now been used with thousands of volunteers using the electroencephalograph. Home a level and ib study tools psychology dement and kleitman 1957. Recently, after finishing a manuscript on those years, i was wondering why aserinsky was studying the all night sleep of a subject at that timedont remember reading anything about it. Kleitmanthe relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity. All of this knowledge springs from the discovery of rem by aserinsky in the early 1950s. Several years later kleitman and dement showed that these rapid eye. Ultradian rhythms in auditory reaction time springerlink. The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity dement, w. Another major impetus to our present understanding of sleep research came from nathaniel kleitman and two of his graduate students, eugene aserinsky and william dement, who discovered that sleep was not a single process but that there were two distinctly different kinds of. Cyclic variations in eeg during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility and dreaming.
Dement and nathaniel kleitman, journaljournal of experimental psychology, year. In their earliest report, aserinsky and kleitman1 found that 74% of awakenings from rem sleep resulted in recall of a dream, as compared with only 9% of awakenings from nrem sleep. Once woken during rem, dreaming was not resumed until the next rem period. Aserinskys research started out by observing infants while they slept. The history of narcolepsy and other sleep disorders. Pdf the relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity. Wonder whether the slow eye movements should show up during later phases of sleep.